Health disparities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Health disparities - Research Paper Example ANs had a shorter life expectancy than the general population and constantly suffered from increased prevalence of disease such as rheumatic fever and tuberculosis (US Public Health Service 17). This paper will examine health disparities among AI/ANs, discussing the degree to which current health care system are meeting the health needs of this underserved population. Following advances in public health and medical care systems over the last half century, the AI/AN population has also transitioned with the rest of the population from a period of pandemics primarily of infectious diseases to one of degenerative, as well as lifestyle diseases. This progression has enhanced the recognition of health disparities encountered by the AI/AN communities from conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, drug abuse and cancer, which are essentially noninfectious. While epidemiological information regarding the AI/AN population is largely incomplete or prone to inaccuracies chiefly due to racial misclassification in official records, a vast majority of the comparisons with non-Native populations are extremely dramatic. For example, among AI/AN adults who utilized Indian Health Service (IHS) facilities in 2002, the age-adjusted incidence of diabetes was approximately 15.3%. This is significantly greater than the 7.3% incidence among all American adul ts (Kunitz 163). The rate of heart disease has traditionally been lower among Native Americans than among the white population. However, this trend is rapidly reversing since heart disease is currently the leading cause of death among the AI/AN population. In addition, deaths from violence and unintentional injuries are a substantive problem among native communities. Between 1996 and 1998, the age-adjusted death prevalence among AI/ANs across the US was nearly twice that of the population of other races in the US. The death rate for unintentional injuries, on the other hand, was at least thrice that of the rest of the US

Affirmative Action Essay Example for Free

Affirmative Action Essay Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† This statement will always ring true especially on the subject of equal opportunity when it comes to employment and education here in the United States. It’s no secret that equality has been something America has always lacked, but at the same time has always been something America stood for. In fact it can be easily inferred that equality among all men has been something America has stride for since it gained independence from the British in 1776. Our founding fathers were the first to have this initial thought, that being best portrayed in the declaration of independence, which state’s We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.(qtd. In declaration of independence) To me this means our founding fathers believed that every man from birth has the god given right to a life of liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but somewhere during Americas journey as a country it forgot it’s true creed and became it’s own tyrant preventing people from reaching their full potential while also denying it’s own citizens liberty and a pursuit to happiness. And although achieving equality in this country has been nothing short of easy with countless set backs and hypocritical ideas, equality among all its citizens is still something America does strides for, and nothing brings you direct equality quit like Affirmative Action does. If you consider affirmative action for its intentional purposes than Affirmative Action is very just, its purpose being to equalize the education and economic gap between minorities and causations. Although it is not a perfect method to achieving equality in this country, it is essential to accept it for why it’s been put into place and that it is all part of a process. Of course affirmative action is far from perfect and has a fair deal of problems, like promoting reverse discrimination while backing up negative stereotypes. I researched all of these aspects while pondering the question â€Å"is affirmative action still needed in today’s society?† In this paper I will be explaining what affirmative action is. The History behind affirmative action like how it all unfolded, who made it, and the history as to why it is in effect now. I will also list some pros and cons of affirmative action, how the United States could better affirmative action for the future and f inally a conclusion, which is my opinion on the topic. But what exactly is Affrimative action? Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment and education acceptance decisions. Universities with affirmative action policies generally set goals to increase diversity. Affirmative action decisions are generally not supposed to be based on quotas, nor are they supposed to give any preference to unqualified candidates. And by no means is affirmative action supposed to harm anyone through reverse discrimination. The purpose was to create equal opportunity for the people who had been unjustly treated in the past. It was set out to correct this wrong, and make it right. But at the same time too often is Affrimative action is looked upon as a solution for a nation once ill with, but now cured of, the evil disease of racial discrimination. Some would say Affirmative action is, and should be seen as, a temporary, partial, and perhaps even flawed cure for past and continuing discrimination. But all in all affirmative action is defined as â€Å"The positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded. When those steps involve preferential selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity† (Fullinwider) Of course affirmative action has a very deep history to it, and to why it was put into place. Now that you understand the purpose for which it was made, le t me explain who made it and why affirmative action was created. The history of Affirmative action, the first step in affirmative action was the creation of it. President John F. Kennedy first introduced it in 1961. The following is in sections to show the timeline of affirmative action in the begging stages of its creation: * March 6, 1961 Executive Order 10925 makes the first reference to affirmative action (Timeline) President John F. Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925, which creates the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and mandates that projects financed with federal funds take affirmative action to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias. * July 2, 1964 Civil Rights Act signed by President Lyndon Johnson The most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin. (Timeline) * June 4, 1965 Speech defining concept of affirmative action In an eloquent speech to the graduating class at Howard University, President Johnson frames the concept underlying affirmative action, asserting that civil rights laws alone are not enough to remedy discrimination: You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: now, you are free to go where you want, do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please. You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, you are free to compete with all the others, and still justly believe you have been completely fair . . . This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity—not just legal equity but human ability—not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result. (Timeline) * Sept. 24,1965 Executive Order 11246 enforces affirmative action for the first time (Timeline) Issued by President Johnson, the executive order requires government contractors to take affirmative action toward prospective minority employees in all aspects of hiring and employment. The rest of the affirmative actions timeline from here on out is mainly just Supreme Court cases, which can help define what exactly it can do and what exactly it can’t do. * In the 1978 Supreme Court case University of California vs. Bakke, a white male named Allan Bakke claimed reverse discrimination because he was rejected twice from medical school while less-qualified minority students were admitted to fill a quota that required 18 out of every 100 places be filled with minorities. The Supreme Court ruled against inflexible quota systems, but did not outlaw affirmative action as a whole.(Timeline) Most of the lawsuits were against Universities since many universities also adopted affirmative action programs in the 1970s. These programs were aimed at increasing black enrollment and the number of black faculty. None more notable then Jenifer Gatz law suit again the University of Michigan â€Å"Gratz vs. Bollinger and Grutter vs. Bollinger.† It ruled that affirmative action fulfills a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body. The purpose of affirmative action policy shifted from redressing injustice to promoting values of diversity. But even after all these deciding cases on affirmative action it’s still a heated matter of dispute. After much legislation and many Supreme Court decisions, affirmative action continues to be controversial (Legal History, Ongoing Debates section, para. 1). These controversies lead to questions, which can only be answered by understanding why affirmative action was put into effect in the first place. It is important to remember affirmative action is still a work in progress to achieve something much bigger than any one individual. People tend to forget that and the history to why affirmative action was put into place. It cannot be denied that Americas history is full of mistreatment of minority individuals. Women did not have a chance to vote for nearly a century and half after the birth of the country. African Americans were captured and forced into slavery, Although the Thirteenth Amendment ended institutionalized slavery in the United States in 1865, African Americans were not treated equal to whites in the eyes of the law for nearly another century, they were considered only one third of citizen. So with the two hundred years of slavery coming to an abrupt end a new regime or prejudices was to come into effect. Of course even after the end of slavery African Americans were consistently denied employment, housing, and education. In the south discrimination was a daily routine supported by â€Å"Jim Crow laws.†(Affirmative action) Unjust social statues and norms were passed in the 1800s that establish separate, inferior, public facilities, schools, waiting rooms, railways cars, and restrooms for African Americans through out the country. This has caused a domino effect on our society that still seen today. Those outrageous social norms were practiced in America until late in the civil rights movement when president JFK finally acknowledged the struggle for equality and the idea of Affirmative Action was born. After President Kennedy’s assignation, President Lyndon B. Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It banned discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, and sex in the areas of employment, public facilities, and government programs. The idea of equality in America, that every man is created equally was slowly and surly becoming more realistic, due largely to Martin Luther Kings efforts. Here are Dr. King’s own words on the idea of Affirmative action from his 1963 book â€Å"why cant we wait† King states: â€Å"Among the many vital jobs to be done, the nation must not only radically readjust its attitude toward the Negro in the compelling present, but must incorporate in its planning some compensatory consideration for the handicaps he has inherited from the past. It is impossible to create a formula for the future which does not take into account that our society has been doing something special against the Negro for hundreds of years. How then can he be absorbed into the mainstream of American life if we do not do something special for him now, in order to balance the equation and equip him to compete on a just and equal basis?† – Martin Luther King J.R (Wise) In his 1967 book, Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? King argued: A society that has done something special against the Negro for hundreds of years must now do something special for him, to equip him to compete on a just and equal basis.(wise) Continuing: â€Å"†¦for Two centuries the Negro was enslaved and robbed of any wages: potential accrued wealth which would have been the legacy of his descendants. All of Americas wealth could not adequately compensate its Negroes for his centuries of exploitation and humiliation. It is an economic fact that a program such as I propose would certainly cost far less than any computation of two centuries of unpaid wages plus accumulated interest. In any case, I do not intend that this program of economic aid should apply only to the Negro: it should benefit the disadvantaged of all races.†- Martin Luther King J.R (Wise) It is clear that these are some of the reasons why Martin Luther King J.R and others thought affirmative action should be and eventually was put into effect. A large part as to why affirmative action is in effect is so Compensation can be made to those who are at a disadvantage due to past racial biases and predjedism. You should now have a better idea as to what exactly affirmative action is, what it’s intentions are, the history behind who made it and the deeper history as to why it is still in effect and why it was originally put into effect. Affirmative action is however a major controversy in the United States, ever since it’s beginning, the concept of affirmative action raised difficult questions. â€Å"Many civil rights activists see affirmative action as a necessary step in achieving equality for groups that had faced discrimination in the past. However, critics of affirmative action argued that individuals should be treated on their own merits without regard to color, national origin, or sex.†(Affirmative Action) The Benefits of Affirmative Action â€Å"The one benefit of affirmative action is to correct past discriminations such as the mistreatment of women and slavery. This remedial justification of affirmative action recognizes that wrongs have been committed in the past and acknowledges a moral obligation to set things right† (Affirmative Action Pros and Cons, The Origins Of, Legal Treatment Of, Political and Social Debates, The Future, Pros and Cons section, para. 1). It is important for injustices to be redressed. â€Å"Slavery and institutionalized racism have not been redressed yet in America and around the world. In order for justice to be served, it is necessary for the main losers of racism in America (African Americans) to be compensated for their loses through affirmative action.† (Affirmative Action) And affirmative action does just that, not in the sense of giving physical money, but through opportunities in education and in life. The following are the benefits affirmative action provides: Affirmative action has provided many opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds and income levels who ordinarily would not be considered for admission to colleges and universities. This means that the pool of talent coming out of the higher education system is larger and better able to contribute as productive members of the workforce. Affirmative action has had a profound effect on employment hiring and promoting practices. Historically, â€Å"close to 90% of all jobs are filled without being advertised, with the majority of positions going to friends, relatives, or acquaintances of company employees.†(Wise) This is often the case with a lot of jobs. Unfortunately it can boil down to whom one knows not what they know. The result of this practice is that employers often end up with employees who are not the best person for the job if it were properly advertised. Affirmative action has encouraged many companies to engage in employment practices that set minimum standards of job definition, recruiting, outreach, and evaluation that result in choosing the right person for the job. Finding the right person for the job or the promotion is critical in letting business efficiently utilize the workforce and allow each person to reach his or her full potential. Diversity in itself is desirable, it has been since the birth of this country, but it won’t always occur if left to chance. But when affirmative action is working like its initial purpose was intended too miraculous things can happen, and there are good facts to back that up. â€Å"Between 1981 and 2001, the total number of degrees awarded to Native Americans rose by 151.9% because of affirmative action policies.† (Patterns) Also, from â€Å"1982 to 1995, there has been an increase in the percent of black managers from 5 to 7 percent. Hispanics have shown a 3 percent increase from 5 percent in 1982.†(Patterns) Affirmative Action has been successful in providing minorities with opportunities. â€Å"At the same time a recent study has shown a person with a white sounding name has a 50% more change of getting a call back from a interview than those with black sounding name even when qualifications are indistinguishable.† (Tim Wise) Again equality is desirable but it won’t always occur if left to chance. â€Å"Eliminating affirmative action can lead to the re-segregation of higher education. When affirmative action was outlawed at the University of Texas in 1995, the number of black students at the UT Law School dropped from 65 in 1996 to 11 in 1997 and Latino student enrollments have been cut in half since the decision.† (Patterns) this isn’t necessarily a pro, but interesting enough. With affirmative action being banned in Texas the number of white students also dramatically increased while the number of Asians skyrocketed. I guess the best-qualified applicants where accepted. Here is a statistics that shows why affirmative action is still needed. For â€Å"every dollar earned by men, women earn 74 cents, African American women earn 63 cents and Latina women earn 57 cents.† (Patterns) This unjust statistics will continue with out the help of something like affirmative action. It is the reality inequalities like this that suggest maybe affirmative action should be left alone till equality is fully reached or a better solution is thought of.

Johnny Tremain :: essays research papers

Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston Massachusetts around (1773 to 1775). Revolutionary War era.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnny Lyte Tremain Young boy who’s mother died when he was young, apprenticed to a silversmith named Mr. Lapham. Main character in the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Lapham A silversmith that Johnny is apprenticing. He is a good silversmith but he cannot remember his orders very well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Lapham Johnny’s foster mother. She provides Johnny with room and board while he is shadowing Mr. Lapham.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cilla Lapham Third daughter out of four in the Lapham family. She is the nicest to Johnny. She is constantly taking care of her younger sister Isannah.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Isannah Lapham Fourth daughter in the Lapham family. She was the rudest to Johnny. Cilla had to take care of her because she was so small and sickly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rab Johnny’s closest friend. A couple of years older than Johnny, he worked for the Boston Observer printing newspapers. Rab helps Johnny throughout the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dusty & Dove Boys who were also apprenticed out to Mr. Lapham. Johnny was better at everything. The two boys got stuck with the worst jobs and did not like Johnny for being so good as a silversmith. Dove was mean to Johnny because Johnny was so bossy toward the both of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Revere A local Boston silversmith known for his great work. He was kind and generous. He was a member of the secretive â€Å"Observers† club at the Boston Observer. He is a Whig.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John & Samuel Adams Local Whigs, highly recognized men in Boston. They are also part of the â€Å"Observers† club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Merchant Jonathan Lyte A very prosperous merchant who is kin to Johnny. He is very dishonest and steals from Johnny. He wants nothing to do with Johnny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lavinia Lyte Merchant Lyte’s daughter. She is very beautiful and men like her a lot. Johnny likes her. She is sort of rude to Johnny in the beginning but in the end, she becomes very nice to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Hancock Another well respected man in Boston. He is a local Whig and is also a member of the â€Å"Observers† Club.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Lorne Johnny’s new master after his hand was severely injured at the Lapham’s silvershop. He is very kind and allows Johnny to deliver papers by horseback. Mr. Lorne is the writer and publisher of the Boston Observer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pumpkin A British Redcoat who befriended Johnny. In the end Johnny tries to help him escape from being a soldier and he is caught and killed for treason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Stranger A British General Who helped Johnny with his horse riding skills. Johnny helps him by taking care of his horses.

Ethics in Modern Marketing

Ethics in Modern Marketing Abstract: The success of every marketing company depends upon their involvement towards their customers. The modern marketing concept mainly stresses the importance of developing a good relationship by every marketing company with its customers to enhance their business and to withstand in the competition. During the last two decades, marketing professionals were increasing their awareness of customer/ client relationships; society has become much more aware of ethical issues.As competition increases, the marketers are involved in some unethical activities to compete and attract the customers. But the customers are more aware and they have more options for every product. They are giving high importance for quality rather than cost. Unethical practices will create a bad opinion over the product and the marketer and in turn it will result in vanishing of that business. Keywords: Modern marketing, customers, ethical issues, competition, customer relationship. Introduction:Marketing can be defined as an activity or process that involves â€Å"creating, communicating and providing value delivery to the clients and the relationship with them in advantage of the organization and its shareholders†. From this definition apparent role in society of those involved in marketing activities are: to be responsible for carrying out actions to persuade consumers in different markets segments, that, for a price, to benefit from products and services that meet their needs and fulfill their expectations and desires.Considering that the marketing aims at determining and influencing the purchasing behavior and that competition in modern economy is more intense and unscrupulous, an important issue that arises is that workers in marketing, as well as professional category may be tempted to behave unethical to achieve their objectives. Marketers today face big challenges as they try to make their marketing messages heard. Practitioner estimates suggest that consumers are exposed daily to thousands of marketing communications.This proliferation of marketing communications not only has created unprecedented levels of perceived disorder; it also has led to heightened contempt for corporations by many consumers who actively seek to avoid marketing communications from any source. Modern marketing concept: An academic called Grnroos defined marketing as â€Å"to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of parties involved are met. This is achieved by mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises. † By engaging with their customers marketing professionals are able to secure report business.Loyalty schemes are a device for building that loyalty within the retail and customer service sectors. Marketing professionals talk in terms of fulfillment, meaning fulfillment of their relationship with the customer. During the last two decades, while marketing professio nals were increasing their awareness of customer/ client relationships, society has become much more aware of ethical issues. Ethical issues are concerned with making appropriate responses to social situations. Failure to make the correct social response can expose a business to reputational issues, the unwelcome attention of political activists and legal sanctions.A modern business that is interested in developing long term relationships with their customers and other stakeholders has to take an interest in ethics. Ethical problems raised in modern marketing Not a few times, marketers are usually blamed for launching and promoting on the market, the low quality products to compete in certain segments of the market price. Also the complaints relate to a significant increase in the price (to preserve brand image, or to save profits encumbered by high costs of advertising campaigns). thus depriving clients with smaller financial possibilities of access to some products and services. A lso, marketing responsibility for handling consumer raises an important ethical problem, namely, if marketing and those working in the field can create needs and cause consumers to buy things that are really has no need. Another responsibility of marketing in direction of ethics is influencing the value system and the promotion of non-values. Products advertised are not always perfect, and the ads are not designed with original concept and do not reveal the reality of the product.Ethical issues in marketing are an important consideration for a modern business. First consider marketing, our understanding of what is required of a marketing professional has changed over the last decade. It used to be adequate to discuss product, promotion and price. A modern marketing professional is also expected to develop his/her relationship with the customer or client. TOP 5 ETHICS ISSUES IN MARKETING Every business relies on marketing to attract customers and to sell products or services. The pro blem is that marketing can sometimes promote products or services in unethical ways.What can businesses do to follow ethical standards in their marketing strategies? What are the top 5 ethical issues in marketing? 1. HONESTY The news of corporate scandals seems to be a daily occurrence. Consumers have lost trust in the integrity in many corporations because of the unethical and sometimes illegal behavior that seems to be embraced in the organizational culture of the corporation. Companies need to realize that company reputation is part of the honesty factor. People seek alternatives when they know a business engages in unethical practices.The claims of â€Å"sweat shop† assembly lines has forced more than one company to change its supply chain policies simply because of the damage to brand that resulted from unethical behavior. Another important facet of honesty is an accurate representation of the product. People want to know they are receiving the quality of product that wa s presented to them through marketing. Promises made should be promises honored. A return policy is a necessary component in fostering honesty in marketing. 2. FAIRNESS Fairness is the need to balance the interests of the company with the needs of the customers.That is, companies want to sell more products in order to increase profits. Fairness is conveyed in recognizing that customers want to feel they are engaging in a transaction that will result in them receiving something of value. Value is associated with the product and with the quality of customer service. Fairness is the company treating the customer in a business to consumer transaction the same way it would want to be treated in a business to business transaction. The long term benefit of fairness is customer loyalty. 3. RESPECT Customers want to know they are respected by the company.Respect means the company sees the value of stakeholders. Groups are not subjected to stereotypes and tolerance is demonstrated for the int erests and values of others. Respect means that feedback from stakeholders is welcomed and heard. The long term benefit of respect is the company positive association with company that should foster company and brand loyalty. 4. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTIY Social responsibility is the recognition that a company must do no harm to individuals and the community. Companies incur a trust that they will operate in such a manner as to protect the welfare of the customer.Dangerous products or lapses in safety can quickly erode confidence and trust in a company. Companies have a responsibility to â€Å"give back† to the community. Part of this marketing strategy is to convey the idea that the company is a neighbor. The company cares about the quality of life of its â€Å"neighbors† in the community at large. One way to do this is by responding to the interests of non-customer stakeholders such as through supporting local education, sponsoring environmental awareness projects, and as sisting in community enrichment efforts. . TRANSPARENCY Transparency means the marketing strategy conveys honesty about the operations of the business. A company is practicing transparency when it admits to and corrects operational problems or areas of stakeholder concern. Transparency in marketing means the company is honest about a product’s limitations. The recall policy of the automobile industry is a great example of transparency. Car companies issue recall notices to acknowledge design or mechanical flaws in automobiles.Granted, failure to do so would bring down the wrath of the federal government as this would constitute a violation of national safety standards. When voluntary, the practice of recognizes weaknesses and then seeking to correct the problem conveys the company recognizes its commitment to the customer. The long term benefit is trust. CONCLUSION Marketing includes the promotion of a company rather than the promotion of a product or service. The above point ed five issues work together to create the marketing image of the company. Unethical behavior will destroy the reputation, the name and fame and ethical image of a company.

Pepsi Challenge

In the short story, Story by Lydia Davis there are many conflicts, complications, crisis, falling action and resolution of the plot. The conflict the woman in the story faces the most is that she is trying to get a hold of a man. He seems to be not truthful with her and does not use proper communication. This bothers her and she visits his apartment on two occasions. He seems to be with his ex girlfriend and she becomes skeptical of the two. She wants to know why he is not calling her back. So she finds herself in a crisis. She finally goes to his apartment again to find another car there. It is probably his ex girlfriend. When he comes outside, he confirms that it is his ex-girlfriend's car. In the falling action he gives her a replay of his nightly events. In the resolution, she loves him and ignores the possibility of him deceiving her (Burroway, 2007). She gets home from work. She checks her machine to find a message from him. She goes to his apartment. He is not home so she goes back to her home. She plays the piano to occupy her time. She calls him and he tells her that he will call her later. She decides to write in her notebook on what she'd say to him. He finally calls her and they argue. After they hang up, she calls him twice, but he does not answer his phone. She decides to go to his apartment and there is another car there. She looks through the windows, but doesn’t see anything. She knocks on the door and there is no answer. As she walks away, he walks through door. He puts his arms around her and they talk. She contemplates on whether he is being truthful or not (Burroway, 2007). The woman in the story sets a scene at both her home and a man's home. The summary behind the story is a series of events. The woman is trying to reach him, she visits his apartment, she finally speaks to him on the phone, they argue, she visits his apartment to finally speak to him face to face, there is an ex-girlfriend inside his apartment and he may be deceiving (Burroway, 2007). On several occasions the woman uses flashback to describe her past. She tends to go back in time to talk about her husband and the way he acted towards her. She also describes the man in her story as not being truthful in the past (Burroway, 2007). References Burroway, J. (2007). Imaginative writing: elements of craft. New York: Pearson Longman.

Life on the Line essays

Life on the Line essays For thousands of years, and generations upon generations, humans have faced decisions of life and death. Many times these decisions are based upon religion, superstition, and politics. Now we come to a junction in the social evolution of man, where we have the ability to take giant steps forward in the development of medicine and we stumble with our resolve to help everyone, based on ideologies of religion, ethics and politics. I would like to ask why, the full funding of stem cell research by the U.S. government should not proceed. In order to achieve the great breakthroughs in curing many diseases burdening all societies throughout the world, shouldnt we continue experimentation? Should we expect financial help from the federal government? In a report by B.A. Robinson, a stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g. blood cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc). Some researchers regard them as offering the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the development of antibiotics. Over 100 million Americans suffer from diseases that may eventually be treated more effectively with stem cells or even cured. These include heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Research using stem cells has been authorized in Britain, but was halted in the U.S. by President George W. Bush. Bush decided on 2001-AUG-9 to allow research to start again in government labs, but restricted research to use only existing lines of stem cells. Research continues in U.S. private labs and in both government and private labs in the UK, Japan, France, Australia, and other countries. In an article for Newsweek by Sharon Begley, there appears to be three main sources for stem cells. "Spare embryos" embryos leftover after a couple's in-vitro fertilization procedure is completed ...

Painting Description essays

Painting Description essays This painting was done by Edward Hopper, painted at The Art Institute of Chicago in 1942. The size of the painting is 30 x 60 inches, done on canvas with oil paints. The mood this painting sends to the audience is the feel of loneliness, and late night emptiness Some of the things being presented here, that Ive observed; there are two men and a lady sitting around a large rounded counter with coffee mugs in front of them. I would assume its a coffee shop that they are in, but could possibly be a bar as well. The coffee shop has a large glass window wrapping around the whole shop, and onto the corner. There is a sign above the place, that says Phillies, probably the name of the shop, or maybe they sell cigars as well. It looks like part of the sign is cut off so we cannot see if this sign has more written on it. Noticing the sidewalk next to the coffee shop, it seems unusually pretty. Also, across the street from the shop, is a large building that appears to be closed, there are no lights on, and no people inside. Back to the coffee shop, there is a person inside behind the counter who looks to be filling a cup to serve a drink. He looks like he might be conversing with the man and the woman sitting together at the end of the counter. The man sitting by himself, looks like he might be sad or lonely, maybe deep in thought. He appears to be looking down, which gives him a sad appearance. Our perspective is standing on the street or sidewalk, looking in at the people, possibly wondering what the shop worker, lady, and the man are discussing, while the man who is alone makes us wonder how he might be thinking, or what feelings he is having. The painting looks like it was painted with oil paints because of the smooth appearing texture, and the deepness and solidness of the colors. ...

What to Do When Youre Bored at Work

What to Do When Youre Bored at Work There can be any number of reasons you’re feeling bored  at work. If it’s just a lull in your to-do list, maybe it’s temporary. If it’s more of a chronic case of â€Å"I-hate-this-job-itis,† well, you should certainly start thinking about looking for a new job. But in either case, it can be a dangerous habit to fall into. Here are some tips to save yourself before you fall into a full-on goof-off cycle. 1. Find something new to do.This doesn’t mean you should take online Spanish lessons while your company expects you to be working diligently at your desk. Rather, find something of value that you can learn from your workplace. Whether that’s picking up a new skill from another department or talking with colleagues to pick their brains on their own expertises, take this as an opportunity to boost your professional development. Just make sure that your off-the-record professional development doesn’t start displacing your regular work duties (you know, the ones you’re being paid to do).2. Reward yourself.Completing that report on time may not earn you the applause of your manager, but you can come up with your own reward system. Say, â€Å"when I complete this task, then I can get coffee,† or allow yourself 10  minutes of down time for checking something major off your to-do list. It’s a way of staying in the game enough to get things done, even when your head or heart might not be. If things get really desperate, there’s always the good, old-fashioned candy reward that’s popular with kids and bored professionals alike.3. Come up with an escape plan.If your case of â€Å"I-hate-this-job-itis† is a serious one, then even the act of figuring out your next steps can have a rejuvenating effect. Even the most tedious or soul-crushing work activities aren’t so bad if you know you won’t be doing them forever.4. Shoot for â€Å"good enough.†Sometimes a C+ is good enough, especially if you’re in danger of flunking. It’s not great to make a habit of doing the bare minimum, but if you feel yourself checking out, create a list of the parts of your job that are absolutely â€Å"must do† so that you’re maintaining until things get better.5. Do some networking in your field.Meeting and talking to new people in your field can introduce new opportunities. It can also help you remember what you liked about this field in the first place, and why you chose this job. Either way, it brings something (or someone) fresh into the staleness of your routine.Even if you’re halfway out the door and already looking for other opportunities, it’s important not to let your reputation lapse into slackerdom. If you feel yourself starting to check out, there are ways to slow it down before the blahs affect your job performance or work relationships.

How Brian Imaging Could Help Predict Alzheimers Essay

How Brian Imaging Could Help Predict Alzheimers - Essay Example To date there is a lack of reliable drug that can be used to decelerate the progress of Alzheimer’s disease. Although many drugs have been tested scientists and drug manufacturers blame the timing when these drugs have been administered to patients of the disease. They claim that many of the drugs are administered at a time when the progress of the disease makes it difficult for any significant improvement to take place. The pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly developed gamma secretase inhibitor but this drug didn’t prove successful. Sangram Sisodia, director of the Center for Molecular Neurobiology at the University of Chicago explained that the drug was tested on the wrong group of patients. New studies, however, have shown that there is hope for Alzheimer’s patients. Recent presentations at the Society for Neuroscience conference recently held in San Diego showed that brain imaging may help in the prediction of the disease. Researchers believed that changes in the brain will help to qualify patients to undergo clinical tests of new drugs. They are also hopeful that brain imaging will help in the selection of persons for clinical testing before dementia is developed. Reliable drugs testing can become possible if persons found with mild cognitive impairment are used for clinical testing as indicated by recent researches. Not everyone who has this condition will develop Alzheimer’s as revealed by a graduate student of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. The study highlighted the substantia innominata section of the brain. Of the 47 persons who had mild cognitive impairment, 22 developed Alzheimer’s over a six year period. They were found to have significant thinning in three connected areas of the cortex involved in memory, attention, and integration of sensor and motor integration. A second study revealed that the caudate nucleus section of the brain shrunk significantly in elderly persons diagnosed with

Business modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business modelling - Essay Example It also helps in reducing clustered and excessive data in a given setting to a manageable amount. It helps one to select on the precise variables that can be used in the study of managing a business. Therefore, it will help in making decisions of the business (Yao and Li 2013). The variables in this technique helps in correcting certain mistakes that would otherwise been made in a normal business setting. For example, a business owner who thinks that extending business hours would certainly increase profits may re-think on this when they use the technique. This will go a long way in improving the business. Linear regression is normally used with variables that are represented linearly. This will limit this technique to only data that are linear and cannot work with non-linear problems. The variables that are dependent are normally in a continuous form or they are close to being continuous, that is, they are able to be represented by any value. This linearity between dependent and independent variables will not always be true since some relationships have a curved kind of representation. For example, the relationship between age and income is not linear, but curved. Income increases during early years of a person and slows down as the age of the person proceeds (Fearn 2011). Linear regression analyses the average in the relationship between independent and dependent variables. For example, when representing the relationship between the eating behavior of people and increase in their weight, this technique will represent the average weight of the food eaten with the change in their weight over time. This will not give a complete and clear description of the exact data that there is in a given situation hence there may be a misrepresentation of the data (Huang 2013). Linear regression is normally affected with variables that are on the extreme. These variables are known as outliers. They are

Assessment in Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessment in Counseling - Essay Example Assessment being an integrated assortment of data gathered from both informal and formal interactions with the client by the counselor provides a more holistic insight into the problems of the client (Juhnke, 1995, p. 2). The assessing process is found to begin when the counselor starts to see â€Å"a clear picture of the outcomes a client expects from counselling† (Hiebert, 1996). The assessing process should focus on client learning outcomes as well as client impact outcomes (Hiebert, 1996). It can be seen that client learning outcomes are easy to realize while impact outcomes may remain difficult to attain yet (Hiebert, 1996). This is shown in the below given example: School counsellors can feel confident about teaching children conflict resolution procedures or anger management skills (which are learning outcomes), but they may be less successful in making a child less aggressive (which is an impact outcome), because they cannot have sufficient impact to counteract the eff ects of contextual factors such as family violence and many years of practice using aggression to resolve conflict (Hiebert, 1996). When a counselor tries to bring about both these outcomes through assessment, the assessment techniques are used in harmony with each other so that it becomes â€Å"a continuous process, throughout treatment† (Juhnke, 1995, p.2). ... circumstances and the range of client learning outcomes make it unlikely that appropriate standardized assessments could be developed (Hiebert, 1996). Informal assessment techniques comprise of â€Å"informal, yet systematic, procedures for documenting the evidence that client progress has been made† (Hiebert, 1996). Some informal assessment techniques are, goal attainment scaling, checklists, self-monitoring, thought listing, mind mapping, life line, role play, and photograph safari (Hiebert, 1996; Juhnke, 1995). Here, the process of assessment itself is viewed as part of the change process that happens in the client ((Juhnke, 1995, p.2). The five major uses of assessment according to Wall (n.d) have been â€Å"selection and placement, diagnosis, accountability and evaluation, identifying trends or progress (and) self discovery† (p.69). Wall (n.d) has also listed the advantages of using assessment, namely, objectivity, cost effectiveness and fairness (p.71-72). Two sit uations in which I would use formal assessment While dealing with children with language disabilities, I may use developmental screening method (Gullo, 2005, p.45). Gullo (2005) has described developmental screening tests as â€Å"norm-referenced assessment instruments that allow one to compare an individual child’s score with those of other children of similar chronological age† (p.45). These tests will also enable me to gauge the â€Å"visual-motor and adaptive skills† of these children and design special learning packages for them. I can use another formal assessment method, diagnostic tests, while handling children with dyslexia. The purpose of such a test is that we identify and measure â€Å"the existence of a disability or specific area of academic weakness in a child† (Gullo, 2005, p.46). I will

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Analysis - Case Study Example It is a fact that Natureview is the main player in the natural food channel with a market share of 24%; however, in order to raise $20 million revenue by the end of 2001, the company has to re-strategize and increase its sales and output if it is to use this channel. The $13 million the company accrued in 2000 is not sufficient enough to offset its debt and may lead to absorption of the company by a larger firm. The second option of entering the supermarket channel has both merits and demerits. The main advantage of this channel is that products will be sold at lower prices than in natural food retail shops due to less number of middlemen in the supply chain. Lower prices lead to higher demand and ultimately higher returns. Furthermore, supermarkets take stocks in bulk than wholesalers in the natural food channel who take small quantities and break them further to distribute them to small retailers. On the other hand, Natureview would be forced to pay $10000 slotting fee per SKU for each retail chain. This means that the company may be forced to pay millions of dollars to be able to distribute throughout the country. In addition, the manufacturer will also have to incur marketing, advertising and trade promotion expenses including hiring of marketing personnel. Under this channel, the small scale manufacturer will be forced to expand its production to meet the high demand in the supermarkets. The first option would be to expand six of the best selling 8-oz brands to one or two selected supermarket channels in the region. The second option would be to expand four SKUs of 32-oz size nationally. The third option would be to introduce two SKUs of the multi-pack line into the natural foods channel specifically for children. The first option would yield higher returns for the company as the 8-oz brands are the most popular among consumers. However, for this option to be viable Natureview has to meet the

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) Essay

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) - Essay Example The film editing of â€Å"Run Lola Run† is a very unique one because it incorporates fast paced action with equally pulsating type of music, especially in those scenes where Lola had to run very fast to be able to beat the deadline that was given to her boyfriend, who was poised to rob a bank as a last resort. The story, which unfolded in such a way as to have 3 possible outcomes, was edited in a manner that would show the pressure building up for Lola and Manni with each tick of the clock, and the potential difference every moment creates to generate varied solutions to a single problem. At the initial part of the movie, black and white scenes were used to show flashbacks or past occurrences which somehow made a great bearing on the present situation Lola and Manni were in. Medium shots of Lola holding a red telephone at home, and Manni in a phone booth somewhere in town, were used to orient the viewer and to set the mood for the story. Later on, when the dialogues were getting intense, the shots used were in close-up to show the emotions of desperation and helplessness on the part of Manni, and the determination and firm resolve to find a solution on the part of Lola. Lola’s running scenes were combined with animated scenes as if she were part of a video game. Different shooting techniques, – like fade in/out, zoom in/out, still shots – varied camera angles and shots were utilized. There were also continuity shots made, and close-ups were played-up in the emotional scenes between Lola’s father and his mistress, the confrontation scene between Lola and her father among others. Slow motion cuts were also used to add emphasis in some scenes. Snapshots of the various personalities Lola meets on her way to meet Manni were also included to add more sub-plots which added to the overall impact of the story. One of the most distinctive editing features of this film is the use of split screens for the most essential scenes. An example of such scene

How Safe IS The Biodiesel for Air Transportation Essay

How Safe IS The Biodiesel for Air Transportation - Essay Example This paper will evaluate the safety of using biodiesel in air transportation. Significance of Air Transportation Critics have challenged the probability of Air transport being the best mode of transport despite the many advantages attributed to it. Irrespective of this, this form of transport is of great significance because it has offered the globe a fast and reliable connectivity. The industry has introduced realms of possibilities. Traversing continents takes a few days or hours depending on the choice of flight connectivity. Air transport is very crucial for global trade especially trade surrounding perishable goods. Tourism is an additional sector that is only a possibility because of air transport. Tourism is an economic stronghold in many nations and contributes immensely to economic growth. Air transportation makes it is simpler for people to import and export culture. In the past, this critical sector has relied on the use of petroleum diesel for its engines. Despite the num erous technological changes that surround the aviation industry, the industry has persisted in its dependence on fossil fuels. However, the recent environmental concerns about the emission of greenhouse gases by fossil fuels, and the resulting consequences have compelled experts to embark on the search for reliable and cleaner sources that promise both economical and environmental sustainability (Pandey 34). Fossil fuels have threatened the environment with the uncontrollable emission of greenhouse gases and hydrocarbons into the environment initiating and enhancing global warming. The search for alternative energy sources has identified biodiesel as a reliable energy source. More importantly, future prospects indicate that biodiesel will be a reliable source to drive the aviation industry. Analysis of the potential benefits of biodiesel presents a promising future. Compared to fossil fuels, biodiesel releases zero percent of sulfates while fossil fuels release a high percentage of these (Metz 30). Moreover, with biodiesel, the aviation industry has the assurance of 78 percent less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Such immense reduction of carbon dioxide has been the central focus of many researchers in the recent past. Intensive research has revealed the different cycles of fossil use and biodiesel use. In the fossil use case, each step involves the release of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere (Pandey 56). However, the cycle does exhibit any possibility of recycling in the atmosphere. On the contrary, fossil fuels bring a new supply of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from the ground. On the other hand, biodiesel use exhibits a possibility of recycling. Sources of biodiesel include feedstock from oils, plants, and algae. Plants utilize carbon dioxide that is available in the atmosphere for the manufacture of carbohydrates that are very crucial for metabolism. Extraction of biodiesel from plant feedstock can produce either first generation of second gener ation biodiesel. Although the processing and use of the biodiesel in aviation releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, it does not destruct the carbon dioxide cycle because the amount released becomes critical for the growth of more plants (Ellman 120). Replacing petroleum diesel used in the aviation industry with biodiesel will serve to eliminate the additional release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere from fossil fuels. This will reduce the 78 percent of carbon dioxide

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) Essay

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) - Essay Example The film editing of â€Å"Run Lola Run† is a very unique one because it incorporates fast paced action with equally pulsating type of music, especially in those scenes where Lola had to run very fast to be able to beat the deadline that was given to her boyfriend, who was poised to rob a bank as a last resort. The story, which unfolded in such a way as to have 3 possible outcomes, was edited in a manner that would show the pressure building up for Lola and Manni with each tick of the clock, and the potential difference every moment creates to generate varied solutions to a single problem. At the initial part of the movie, black and white scenes were used to show flashbacks or past occurrences which somehow made a great bearing on the present situation Lola and Manni were in. Medium shots of Lola holding a red telephone at home, and Manni in a phone booth somewhere in town, were used to orient the viewer and to set the mood for the story. Later on, when the dialogues were getting intense, the shots used were in close-up to show the emotions of desperation and helplessness on the part of Manni, and the determination and firm resolve to find a solution on the part of Lola. Lola’s running scenes were combined with animated scenes as if she were part of a video game. Different shooting techniques, – like fade in/out, zoom in/out, still shots – varied camera angles and shots were utilized. There were also continuity shots made, and close-ups were played-up in the emotional scenes between Lola’s father and his mistress, the confrontation scene between Lola and her father among others. Slow motion cuts were also used to add emphasis in some scenes. Snapshots of the various personalities Lola meets on her way to meet Manni were also included to add more sub-plots which added to the overall impact of the story. One of the most distinctive editing features of this film is the use of split screens for the most essential scenes. An example of such scene

Persuasive speaking PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive speaking - PowerPoint Presentation Example The crucial message to emphasize actually is that it is never too late to finish what one has started; meaning, there is value in finishing one’s education. Why do students drop out in the first place? There are a multitude of rationales for dropping out. The reasons range from personal problems, family concerns, transportation dilemmas and academic issues. Furger, in his article entitled How to End the Drop Out Crisis (2008), has identified several reasons why high school students opt to leave school without earning their high school diploma. Among those cited were: â€Å"(1) dropping out is the culmination of years of academic hurdles, missteps, and wrong turns; (2) it is a response to conflicting life pressures -- the need to help support their family financially or the demands of caring for siblings or their own child; (3) students become bored and see no connection between academic life and "real" life; (4) young people feel disconnected from their peers and from teacher s and other adults at school; and (5) schools and communities have too few resources to meet the complex emotional and academic needs of their most vulnerable youth.† By being aware of these reasons, parents, teachers, school administrators, the local community and the nation, as a whole, should look for appropriate measures to address the root causes for dropping out especially as it has serious implications to the economy. The research conducted by The Alliance for Excellent Education (2007) highlighted that dropouts are a financial drain on the economies of each state and the nation. Lower local, state, and national tax revenues are perhaps the most obvious consequence of higher dropout rates. Even when dropouts are employed, they earn significantly lower wages than graduates. State and local economies suffer further when they have less-educated populaces, as they find it more difficult to attract new business investment. Simultaneously, these entities must spend more on so cial programs when their populations have lower educational levels. Dropouts represent a tremendous waste of human potential and productivity, and reduce the nation’s ability to compete in an increasingly global economy. On the contrary, helping students realize the value of education by assisting them to graduate has economic and social benefits to society. Students who manage to graduate earning higher wages tantamount to resulting in attendant benefits to the local, state, and national economic conditions. Likewise, diverse research studies have validated the following advantages: high school graduates live longer (Muennig, 2005), are less likely to be teen parents (Haveman et al., 2001), and are more likely to raise healthier, better-educated children. In fact, children of parents who graduate from high school are themselves far more likely to graduate from high school than are children of parents without a high school degree (Wolfe & Haveman, 2002). High school graduates are also less likely to commit crimes (Raphael, 2004), rely on government health care (Muennig, 2005), or use other public services such as food stamps or housing assistance (Garfinkel et al., 2005). Additionally, high school graduates engage in civic activity, including voting and volunteering in their communities, at higher levels (Junn, 2005). A remuneration of the discourse reveals that there are obviously more benefits to be derived from seeking ways and means to ensue students stay in school until graduation than to

Case enron Essay Example for Free

Case enron Essay Enron faces most of the risk ordinarily faced by any energy company, including price instability and foreign currency risks. Enron operated in many different areas of the world with different regulatory and political risks. Enron faced business risks such as a complex business model, extensive use of derivatives and special purpose entities, aggressive transaction structuring and accounting, rapid expansion of business through complex and unconventional ventures, extensive reliance on credit rating, and limitations in GAAP. The complex nature of the business model of Enron increased the likelihood of material misstatements. It enabled the management to overstate its revenue while not disclosing the actual value of its debt. The risk of fraud by management was high. The transactions involving SPEs essentially involved Enron receiving borrowed funds that were shown as revenue without recording liabilities. Also, the amount of misstatements was huge as Enron had hundreds of such SPEs. Complex financial derivative transactions were used to hide enormous amounts of debt. Huge increases in borrowing were made to look like hedges for commodity trades rather than new debt financing. The network of SPEs along with complicated speculations and hedges kept an enormous amount of debt off the balance sheet. The accounting standards were inadequate in providing for the proper accounting of these transactions. The loopholes in the standards were used to structure transactions in such a way that hundreds of SPEs were excluded from consolidation. Also, the management took advantage of the complexity of accounting standards to shroud the actual economic substance of the transactions. Adequate disclosures with regard to related party involvement and securing outside SPE investors against possible losses were not made.

Difference between Coasean and Pigouvian Solution to an environment problem

Difference between Coasean and Pigouvian Solution to an environment problem Explain in your own words the difference between a Coasean and a Pigouvian solution to an environmental problem? Which type of solution do you prefer, and why? The Explanation of the Difference between Coasean and Pigouvian Solution to an environmental problem. In a very simple way, Pigouvian solution prefer to use government intervention to solve externality while Coasean solution prefer to use market method to solve externality. In detail: Pigouvian theory is based on the method of modern economics especially based on welfare economics; and Pigouvian theory provides a perspective systematic study of the externality problems. According to Pigouvian theory the marginal private net output and marginal social net output has following relationships: Besides the increasing of marginal private benefits, if other people can still get benefit from the private activities, then the marginal social net benefit is greater than the marginal private net benefits; on the other hand, if other peoples benefit is decreasing due to the private activities, then the marginal social net output is less than the marginal private net output. In the first situation the society will get the Marginal social benefit; in the second situation the will face the Marginal social cost. Actually, Externality is caused by the inconsistency between marginal private cost and marginal social cost. .Without externality, the marginal private cost of production or consumption of an item is equal to the cost of itself. When there are negative externalities, there will cost to compensate these externalities. By adding marginal private cost with the marginal external cost we will get the marginal social cost. On the other hand, when there are positive externalities, the benefits which generated by business activities are not fully occupied by the company, but will also become some external social benefits. Through economic model, Pigou shows that because of the presence of external economic effects, the Pareto optimal allocation of social resource can not be achieved by purely individualistic mechanism. Since there is a deviation among the marginal private benefit and marginal social benefit, marginal private cost and marginal social cost; therefore the maximization of social welfare can not be achieved only through free competition. The Government should take appropriate economic policies to reduce this deviation as much as possible. The proper policy is that: when the marginal private cost is less than marginal social cost ( negative externality ), government should impose taxes; when the marginal private benefit is less than marginal social benefits (positive externality) then the government should provide incentives and subsidies. Pigou believes that by using such taxes and subsidies, the externality problem could be internalized. And such policy is known as Pigovian solution, and the tax is called Pigouvian tax. Pigovian solution has been widely used. In the field of infrastructure, the policy is who invest who benefits; in the environmental protection, the policy is who pollute who pay(a.k.a Polluter Pays Principle PPP). Over the years, the problem of how to internalizeof external effects is dominated by Pigouvian theory. To some extent, Coase theory is developed through the criticizing of Pigouvian theory. Coases critique of the Pigovian solution are focused on the following three aspects. First, the externality is very complex; it is not as simple as one side damages the other side. For example, in the case of chemical factory vs. residents, it is unfair to tax the factory without discussing whether the factory has the right to emission or not. Because, it maybe the case that the factory is established years before any resident areas was setup, and in this case, the factory may have the emission rights(The example of factory vs resident is from Ronald CoaseThe problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics Vol 3:1(1960)). In order to reduce the emission, perhaps the government should encourage residents purchase the redemption instead of just posing tax on the factory. Second, in the case of zero transaction costs, the Pigouvian tax is absolutely unnecessary. Because in this case, through voluntary negotiation of parties, the optimal allocation of resources can be reached. In th is case, with the help of clearly defined property rights, voluntary negotiation can also achieve the optimal level of allocation just as the same effect through the Pigovian solution, then why should the government intervene? Third, even in the case of non-zero transaction costs scenario, we still need to balance the cost of using government and using voluntary negotiation. Pigouvian solution may be an effective institutional arrangements, it also maybe an inefficient institutional arrangements. According to Coase theorem: If the transaction cost is zero, no matter how the initial definition of property rights is, optimal allocation of resources can be achieved through market; if there is non-zero transaction costs situation, then maybe the institutional arrangements and choice is important, however people still need to do a cost-benefit-analysis of about the government intervention. In order to solve the problem of externality, Coasians market solution could just be as useful as Pigovian solution. Coasian solution shows that even there is a market failure it doesnt automatically means we should use government intervention. Which type of solution do you prefer, and why? I dont prefer either one, I think a mix use of both solutions will be more helpful. ThePigovian theory/solution has some limitations. First, the Pigou theory presupposes there is a function of the existence of the so-called social welfare, and the government is the natural representative of public interest, and the government can perceive the public interest and then choose the right policy to reduce the externalities in economic activity through intervention. However, the fact is that public policy itself maybe flawed. Second, the use of Pigovian solution is based on the premise that the government knows the cause of externalities can calculate all marginal costs or benefits, however it is impossible for any government to obtain all information to make a Pareto optimal allocation of resources. In theory, Pigouvian solution is perfect, but the actual implementation maybe largely constrained. Third, government intervention also makes costs. If the cost of Government intervention is more than the losses caused by externalities, then there is no reason for use to use g overnment intervention .Fourth, the Pigovian solution may cause the rent-seeking activities, which will lead to waste of resources and distortions of resource allocation. On the other hand, the Coasian solution is also limited. The fist problem is that in order to make the Coasian solution work, the market should be developed, however, for many developing countries, the whole economy system is still in transforming, I dont think Coasian solution can work very well without a certain protection level toward property right. Second, the costs of voluntary negotiation transaction need to be considered. The feasibility of voluntary consultation is depending on the size of transaction costs. If the transaction costs are higher than the social benefits, then why should we have such negotiation. Third, the voluntary negotiation is based on the premise that property rights are clearly defined. In fact, some property rights of environmental resources such as property rights are often difficult to define or very costly to define. For the environmental pollution problems, policy makers should consider the characteristics of pollution sources, the different costs of regulatory management and institutional arrangement; they should also consider the degree of maturity of the market and many other conditions. Only through a comprehensive consideration can we achieve a better solution.

fidel castro :: essays research papers

Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926. He attended Catholic schools before graduating from the University of Havana with a degree in law. Castro was a member of the Ortodoxo Party, a social-democrat party, and strongly criticized the government of Fulgencio Batista. On the 26th of July in 1953, Fidel Castro launched an attack on the Moncada army barracks. It failed, and most involved were killed or captured. Fidel was captured and given a trial, which he used to make his famous speech, "History Will Absolve Me". Sentenced to 15 years, he was pardoned after just two. He then went into exile in Mexico, where he trained and assembled the 26th of July Movement. He gained support from Che Guevara and others before leaving aboard the Granma to invade Cuba in 1956. Returning to Cuba, the revolutionaries hid in the Sierra Maestra mountains, gaining support among the peasants. Eventually, Batista was forced to flee in 1959 and Castro took over. Many Cubans left when it became clear that the Revolution was a Marxist one. Economic antagonism from the United States caused Castro to nationalize all American property. The United States Government tried various schemes to assassinate Fidel Castro and continues to economically isolate Cuba. The CIA even tried to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs to remove Fidel Castro from power, but the Cubans successfully fought it off. As a result, Castro became closely aligned with the Soviet Union. The Soviets bought large amounts of sugar and supplied Cuba with economic and military assistance. This money fueled many of Castro's social programs, such as his war on illiteracy and free universal health care. Unfortunately, aligning Cuba with the USSR only led to more friction between Cuba and the United States.

Human Resource Essay

What is Strategic Human Resources Management and how does it link the people with the strategic needs of the business? â€Å"Strategic human resource management is designed to help companies best meet the needs of their employees while promoting company goals. Human resource management deals with any aspects of a business that affects employees, such as hiring and firing, pay, benefits, training, and administration†. (â€Å"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-strategic-human-resource-management.htm†) The origin of Infosys starts initially in 1981 when six individuals decided that they would set out to change the structure of IT business and make the company known and respected in the industry. In the initial startup phase, however Infosys did not see immediate profit as with most startup companies and experienced very tough times and hardship. After a brief time of hardship Infosys started to see growth and expansion pick up and Infosys would see the company starting to gro w more rapidly. The problem Infosys faced when they had more growth than expected was employees that somehow became a little disengaged and became unhappy while working at the company. Infosys realized that employees were what made companies successful as they were who interacted with customers on a regular and they are the ones that kept customers engaged and build relationships with them. Issues Faced at Infosys Reading the article and looking at the organization from an external standpoint allowed me to see where issues where in the organization. The first issue which I though may not have been a particularly bad issue was the growth the company was seeing. Anytime there is growth and not enough staff available, the immediate thing to do would be hire more staff. Infosys was forced to hire more workers and in turn quickly became overstaffed with workers and soon found out they did not need as many people as they had hired for. Infosys soon found themselves with workers that had become disgruntled because of â€Å"slow periods† when work was minimal. Infosys offered stock to its employees in an attempt to counteract the negative feelings and attitudes that employees were starting to develop and employees were okay with this however it was not a complete solution and Infosys soon high turnovers from their employees and overall dissatisfaction. Employee Engagement could have been conducted in this matter and would have probably assisted with better retention of employees and the company’s HR objectives. â€Å"Engagement is the extent to which employees are motivated to contribute to organizational success and are willing to apply effort to accomplishing tasks. (Mello, 2011) Alternatives to be considered Infosys uses a very standardized method when it comes to managing and the managing employees. They will need to implement new and exciting methods to do this and they would need to start with better employee management relationships. They would need to get feedback from the employees and consider areas of opportunity and immediate needs for change. The organization would need to focus more on seeking out qualified individuals versus hiring individuals just to fill positions even if it’s on a temporary basis. They will need to seek out and discover the needs of their very best assets. Their employees. Recommendations Infosys is known for its recruitment opportunities of college graduates and competitive internships. Infosys should focus on providing opportunities to interns that will benefit from hands on experience instead of hiring individuals that will most likely be laid off due to cutbacks or not enough work to go around. If the need to recruit for a regular candidate then there needs to be a method to follow when recruiting which gives specifics on what is being sought after in a potential employee and not take a â€Å"cookie cutter† approach. Conclusion Infosys would need to develop employee relations programs and create ways to make sure the employees are happy, productive, and will be engaging. The company should revisit their objectives and goals both long term and short term and develop a solid business on completing those tasks.

Breastfeeding Vs. Formula Feeding Essay

Feeding your new baby is one of the first activities you accomplish as a mom. As a new parent, it is your responsibility to make sure your baby will get off to a good nutritional start. To do that means, you must decide what is best for you and your baby, whether to breastfeed, or to formula feed. Both choices have pros and cons, but it is totally up to you to choose which is best for you and your child. There is no doubt that breastfeeding contains all the nutrients your baby needs for proper growth and development. Studies prove that breast milk provides optimal health benefits for your newborn. Mother’s milk is easily digested, has perfectly matched nutrition for the baby, and is filled with antibodies that protect against infection. Further more, breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from ear infections, diaper rash, and intestinal upsets. In addition, breast milk offers immune system boosters and fatty acids specific to humans that promote optimal brain growth. Not only does breastfeeding benefit your baby, it has many advantages for you. Breastfeeding is convenient. There is no need to get out of bed at 2 a.m. to prepare a bottle. All you have to do is hold your baby to your chest and feed. Next, breastfeeding is very economical. Since breast milk is self- produced, you don’t need money to buy an endless supply of food. Last, breastfeeding is helpful in the process of returning your body to its normal state. While feeding, hormones are produced that make your organs contract into their natural size. Formula feeding, though, is a good alternative for mothers who are unable to breastfeed due to a variety of reasons. For instance, some women are unable  to produce milk. Certain breast reduction surgeries with nipple relocation could be an example of this situation. Also, any medication taken by a mother can be transferred through breast milk to the infant. So, if you are taking treatments such as, antibiotics, or anti- depressants, it would be best to formula feed because those drugs can enter your child’s system through breast milk. Also, formula feeding can be a better alternative for mothers on the go. If you are a working mother, in school, or otherwise away from your child for long periods of time breastfeeding can be burdensome. Your child will cry for you, and your breast will leak in desperation for your baby. By formula feeding, you are given the chance to be away from your child, without worrying about him, or her crying for you. Their care- giver can prepare a bottle, and your baby’s hunger will be satisfied. For the first few months of the baby’s life, it seems as if all the baby does is feed. But, your baby gets a lot more than nutrition from meals; Feeding your baby by breast or bottle also gives you and your child the cuddle, closeness, and bonding time necessary for a growing mother/child relationship. Your choice whether to breastfeed, or formula feed is exactly that†¦your choice. It is entirely a personal decision. You should look deep inside and decide what is best for you. Whatever you choose, it is the right decision, because you made the choice for yourself.

Parental Care Essay

It cannot be denied that the development of the society has affected greater or less our lifestyles. Unfortunately, many parents have too little time and pay less attention to their children than in the past. Therefore, the inevitable result is that their kids will suffer. In the first place, people living in a modern world seem very busy with their work. They do not have time to look after their children, so they send children to school, where teachers are required to take responsibility for bringing up children instead of parents. Unfortunately, in some families, children only see their parents only in the evening. They do not have chance to talk or share thoughts and feelings together. According to a recent survey, a child who receives much attention from parents will perform better at school than a child who does not. For that matter, caring for children is necessary for their development. Besides, there are many other factors making parents concern less about their children. Indifference from parents can result from realizing that children are very bad-behaved, or being too disappointed when children get low marks at school. Seriously, in some cases, they hit children, losing the trust from them. Therefore, children are highly likely to commit crimes like robbery or be involved in drug trade. All things considered, I hold the view that children are less looked after by parents than in the past. It is my strong belief that parents should do something to secure a better life for their children.

CORRECTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CORRECTIONS - Essay Example In a further development to their work, Rossi et al. suggested that transitional aid for ex-offenders could only work if it is coupled with an incentive to find a job. This incentive to find a job can only come on the heels of professional training while the ex-offenders still have the status of inmates. In view of the above, policy makers have identified the advantages of providing professional and vocational training to inmates in correctional centers. To implement such training, correctional centers often contract with private industries wherein these inmates can work to develop their skills. Among other issues, one can safely argue that training these inmates would prepare them to easily find jobs in a chosen field because of the hands-on experience they gained in a prison program. This is particularly true given that correctional centers seek to reform the mentality of inmates so that they can easily fit into the society after their release. According to Maguire et al (1988) they can only fit well into the society when they have a vocation from which they can earn income to reestablish their lives. Even during the training they undergo with private firms, the inmates can earn money while in the correctional centers.

Research Paper on the History of the United States Navy Essay

Research Paper on the History of the United States Navy - Essay Example Thus, it can be said that the US navy does not have any specific origin, but it rather came in to being because of the requirements and political progressions of that time. In the eighteenth century, US navy used the fleet of the ship-of-line in their wars. These ships were beautifully designed keeping in mind all the important aspects of the needs and requirements of the war time. Three vast masts were incorporated in these ships, which towered 200 feet above the surface level of the sea. These ships basically worked on the propulsion of the winds, and they therefore were totally not dependent upon the energy. The ships were easy and comfortable enough to be lived in as long as possible. In the 19th century, when Japan started creating its own ships and battle cruises, the US naval forces started working on the building of new fleet of ships. Every war made the US navy stronger comparatively. Exercise and hardships made the US stand against all the naval forces of the world. In the present time, the US navy is considered to be the best among all the naval forces of the world (Howarth 229). The history of the US navy basically started from 1775 when the war between Lexington and Concord took place. A fleet under the leadership of Captain Abraham Whipple overtook and captured the British tender located in Narragansett Bay. Meanwhile, Congress was recommended to build a Continental Navy to fight against these actions. Washington’s navy, was asked by George Washington to attack the British ships by using Hannah in the action. In response to this action, Continental navy came into existence in the same year. Silas Deane, Christopher Gadsden and John Langdon were the supervisors of this work (Howarth 57). The first action of the Continental navy took place in 1776. The Continental Navy could not survive because its discovery was considered as the worst

Fashion trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion trends - Essay Example The research "Fashion trends" identifies and analyzes the basic scopes of their targeted customers. The research design drew from the theme of the products the students intended to sell. Before the commencement of the research, the students analyzed the theme context of the prospective products. The analysis encompassed several dimensions. Firstly, there was an identification of the types of products to sellable to the target customers. The second dimension encompassed the designation criterion of the product to suit the customer’s taste. The third dimension encompasses identification of the price standards for the designs. Finally, there is the dimension of presumed product’s lifecycle within the supply chain. Therefore, in setting the product’s theme, identification, analysis and description of the target customers is critical for the business before initiating the intervention. Having established the study theme for the product, and with sufficient literature reviewed on the fashion trends in the entire country with special emphasis on the city of London, the students the researchable question becomes known. From the foregoing sequences of events in the fashion and apparel industry, the researchable problem statement becomes: How can there be an enhanced reach-up among the youths bracket customers with fashion and design trends in London? The research employed a wide range of methods in data collection. The methods differed according to convenience, region and information required.

Atlantic Stingray (Dasyatis Sabina) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Atlantic Stingray (Dasyatis Sabina) - Essay Example DESCRIPTION: The Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur 1824) has a disc shape typical to all stingrays, and it is one of the smallest in its family (Piercy). It has a spade-like body form, having a relatively long snout and a long, slender, whip-like tail (McEachran 177). It has a brown to or yellowish coloration on the dorsal side which goes lighter near the edges and white or light gray on the ventral side (Passareli). To distinguish it from other similar genera, characters such as a certain ratio of snout length (25-27% of the total disc width) and snout angle (maximum of 107-122Â °) confirm its species identity. The outer corners of the disc body are broadly-rounded, while the posterior margin is moderately convex. The floor of the mouth has a row of three stout papillae, and has 28-36 rows of teeth. Both males and females have similar-looking teeth, rounded and having flat, blunt surfaces, except during mating season when the males develop sharper and narrower sets for cl asping the female during copulation (Tricas 224). The tail is similar to a whip, long and tapered with a barb measuring up to 25% of the disc width, and this modified scale secretes venom from both the dorsal and ventral sides (Passareli). Maximum disc size could reach up to 12.8 inches in males and 14.6 inches in females living in coastal or brackish lagoons, while for freshwater rays sizes reach up to 8.7 inches for females and 8.3 inches for males. Like other members of the cartilaginous fishes, the Atlantic stingray is capable of generating weak electrical fields, both in finding prey and females at the benthic zone. FOOD: Food can be primarily anything that can be caught near the bottom of the habitat or the benthic zone, and these are mostly polychaetes, crustaceans, and bony fishes (McEachran 177). Other reported organisms that are hunted include bivalves, tube anemones, clams, nereid worms, and amphipods (Passareli). HABITAT: Atlantic stingrays live in brackish benthic water systems, where the saltwater meets fresh waters coming from estuaries (Johnson 75). There is a preference for sandy bottoms but with water depths less than 25m (Piercy). These fish migrate from brackish waters to fresh waters and back again, depending on the climate of the areas, which shows that they have varying but wide degrees of salt tolerance. Water temperature ranges for the species is around 24.5Â °C-31.0Â °C (Wallman 259). MATING: Initial studies mentioned that Atlantic stingray mating seasons start from late March when ovulation in females begin and lasts up to July (Johnson 74). Later studies indicated that the mating season could last as long as nine months, from August to April of the following year (Tricas 209). Changes seen in the males such as sharper teeth happen during the breeding season in order to clasp the females during copulation, which is comparable to some mating behavior of related species like in some sharks. PREDATORS: Predators depend on the location of the Atlantic stingrays. In brackish to coastal areas, sharks such as white shark, tiger sharks and bull sharks are the major predators (Passareli). In freshwaters, alligators are reported to be the major stingray predators. BEHAVIOR: Atlantic stingrays are non-aggressive fish, and only attack when stepped on (Passareli). When hunting for food, rays swim slowly near

Scientific Research Skills - Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Scientific Research Skills - Project - Essay Example Social media has immensely influenced individuals and their behaviors. The recent researchers claim that the excessive social media is becoming a major issue and leading to addictive behaviors and negative impacts on cognitive development and mental health among adult and children. O’Keeffe and Pearson in their study analyze the impacts of social media on individuals. The main objective of the research is to determine the impacts of social media on mental health of individuals. The findings of the research show that the excessive use of social media is leading to unhealthy and addictive behaviors among individuals, such as sexing, alcohol, pornography etc. In addition, the findings show that excessive use of social media is casting negative impacts on the cognitive development and academic performance of individual (OKeeffe & Pearson, 2011). In the similar fashion, Kuss & Griffith (2011) in their study cliam that the use of excessive social networking (facebook) is leading to negative impact on the academic performance of individuals as well as leading to variety of activities that have potential addictive behavior (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). Some of the researcher claims that the media content on the social websites is creating anxiety among individuals as social media portray a different aspect of the live. Fischer et al (2011) in the study determine quantity of media contents that is leading to risk-taking behaviors among individuals, such as extreme sports, violence and drinking. In order to conduct the study quantities research approach. Meta analysis was connected to determine the relationship between the media contents and its impact on individual behaviors. The findings of the study highlights that there is strong relation between media content and risk taking behaviors of individuals (Fischer, Greitemeyer, Kastenmà ¼ller, Vogrincic, & Sauer, 2011). Villanti et al (2011) in the study focuses on

The Cold War of the Middle East Essay Example for Free

The Cold War of the Middle East Essay Nuclear weapons: these are tools capable of massive destruction and death. If the wrong people obtain such weaponry, it could lead to catastrophic consequences worldwide. As of right now, Iran is developing weapons grade uranium. The Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, gave a speech to the United Nations in which he presented the progress of Iran’s uranium enrichment program to the General Assembly. Netanyahu was quoted in the Weekly Standard saying, â€Å"Wheres Iran? Irans completed the first stage. It took them many years, but they completed it and theyre 70% of the way there; it is only a few months, possibly a few weeks before they get enough enriched uranium for the first bomb. † Iran’s development of nuclear weaponry is a threat to Israel and therefore the United States. Israel must take all precautionary measures to prevent Iran from finishing its nuclear program and this includes military action. If something were not done to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons, then the US would be pulled into a gruesome war with nuclear weapons. Currently, Israel is the only country in the Middle East to have nuclear weapons. However, this could all change by 2013. Iran has been enriching uranium and is seventy percent of the way to making a nuclear missile capable of destroying Israel. Iran’s current leader, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has been previously been quoted in the Jerusalem Post saying that Israel has no place in the â€Å"Holy Land† and that Israel is a â€Å"fake regime† that â€Å"must be wiped off the map†. If Iran obtains enough enriched uranium, Ahmadinejad’s statement may become a gruesome reality. Now one may wonder where the USA plays a part in this standoff in the Middle East. When Israel was created by Britain in 1948, its first ally was the US, and since then, their relationship has tremendously strengthened. Now, Israel is more than an ally to the US; it is a true friend. If Israel were to take military action, it would most definitely get backing from the USA. Now one might argue that the that attacking Iran enables too many risks. Casualties would be high, Iran is a very formidable opponent and also, sanctions against Iran are in place, and all the US and have to do is be Patient However, Israel has already fought multiple wars against numerous countries in the Middle East, and it has one of the strongest militaries in the world. The country with the strongest military in the world happens to be Israel’s long time ally; the US. Thus the US and Israel combined would be more than capable to fight against Iran. If something is not done beforehand to stop Iran’s nuclear program, the consequences will be cataclysmic. Also, even though the sanctions have crippled Iran’s economy, according to the BBC, these have not even delayed Iran’s nuclear program. The global community has drawn a clear red line for Iran, and Iran is inches from crossing that red line. Action must be taken to stop Iran in its tracks. The consequences of not acting far outweigh the risk of war.

Evaluation Of Coca-Cola Corporation Environment

Evaluation Of Coca-Cola Corporation Environment Coca-Cola was established on May 8, 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton, a local pharmacist in Atlanta, Georgia. It was first sold in Jacobs pharmacy for five cents per glass. Initially Coca-cola was sold as a drug, Pemberton during that time considers Coca-cola as a cure for diseases such as dyspepsia, morphine addiction, headache and impotence (North America Operating System, 2008). Coca-cola Company is one of the most popular companies in the world. Aside from the fact that it is also one of the oldest corporations that was able to withstand World War II and other changes in the economy over the past years. The fact still remains that it is one of the most famous brands of Cola in the world (The Coca-Cola company case n.d.). The Coca-Cola Company was able to resist the hindrances that occurred; the company was able to utilised change management as efficiently as possible to withstand the obstacles. As mentioned earlier, changes in management is caused by three different factors which are the external environment, internal changes and the proactive reaction to possible threats and difficulties. Temporal Environment Evaluation- over the past decades, the Coca-Cola Company has faced a number of changes in the external environment that have transformed the management of the company. One of the best examples is during the World War II. The company was able to maintain the status of the company, at the same time, was able to enter new markets despite the environment. Instead of lying-low because of the war, the company became more aggressive through providing free drinks for the GIs during the World War II. Through this the corporation was able to hit two birds at one stone. First, because the carbonated drinks sent by the company, it became a patriotic symbol by the United States soldiers in which led to consumer loyalty. Second, the company was able to take advantage of the situation and established the product in newly-occupied countries by the Ally forces and because of that the company established plants in various locations worldwide paving the way for its post-war expansi on. Another aspect in the external environment is the change of taste and expectations of the consumers. During the mid-1980s wherein the Americans favoured the sweet taste of the rival product, the company created its counterpart but became a commercial failure; however instead of backing down, Coca-Cola changed its management strategy and returned the old formula, and just renamed it as Coca-Cola Classic. And with the rise of obesity in the United States and consumers became health conscious the company released new versions of Coke in order to address the needs of these type of consumers, such products include Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero. In addition, according to Bool (2008) companies such as Coca-Cola are compulsory to transform due to trends that have a huge impact on their business, and one of these trends is the health and fitness. A number of people are noe investing more in their health, and in order to keep up with the trend, Coca-Cola introduced their new product which is a calorie burning soft drink, the Enviga. Moreover, Coca-Cola is collaborating with the Swiss company Nestle. Coca-Cola is dealing with innovation and change. During the Asian Financial Crisis, Coca- Cola was also triggered to change its course of management in that particular region. The responses and reactions of Coca-Cola with the external environment are its internal changes. Internal Changes- as mentioned earlier, Asia experienced its financial crisis in 1997. According to Barton, Newell and Wilson (2002) as the financial crisis swept the Asian region, the chief executive officer, Douglas Daft responded to this by mobilising his executives to workshops about how Coca-Cola would seize new growth opportunities. Barton et al, stated that Coca-Cola gave emphasis on acquisition opportunities, Coca-Cola bought acquired bottling business in South Korea which gave more access in retail stores in South Korea, as well as, better entry in China, Japan and Malaysia. Coca-Cola disregarded its country-defined market perspective and focused on regional strategic view and acquired local brands of tea and coffee. In the case of health trends and changing taste of the consumers, Coca-Cola responded to this through innovation and change. Innovation is accomplished through development of new products such as the Enviga, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, and other variants of Coke. The change is incited by the trend in health and fitness and consumer tastes which had an impact on the business of Coca-Cola. During World War II, the response of Coca-Cola to the situation is to provide free drinks to the GIs in order to access new markets in which the company was able to do. Organisational Change Management- this theory presents a general procedure for managing the change in the side of the people at an organisational level (Kotter, 1996). According to Hiatt and Creasey, the organisational change management is consists of three phases, which are, preparing for change, managing change and reinforcing change. The theory of organisational change management was effectively utilised by Coca-Cola. Different managers in various parts of the world have used organisational change management in order to address the issues that the Coca-Cola faced. From the case study (The Coca-Cola company case n.d.) these people are: One of the most notable CEOs of Coca-Cola Company is Mr. Gouzueta, he was the chief executive officer of Coca-Cola for seventeen years. He was able to determine the problem against other manufacturer of carbonated drinks. Mr. Gouizetta played a huge role in measuring the operation of Coca-Cola and developed strategies that aided the Coca-Cola to defeat competition. In addition, Mr. Gouizetta played important roles in planning and leading the tasks in achieving the goals and objectives. In addition, Mr. Gouizetta also appointed Mr. Ivester whom transformed the weakness of Coca-Cola into opportunities and strengths (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.). Furthermore, the paper of Pigseye, the following organisational management changes that occurred in Coca-Cola over the past years. Coca- Cola has distinguished various forms of its advertisements in order to target different forms of consumers instead of focusing on one group. The company changed the packaging of Coke. Coca- Cola also developed new products such as Gatorade and it extended globally which is composed of the African group, Middle and Far East group, the Latin America group and the European Group (The Coca-Cola company case. n.d.). Interventions As part of the interventions, it is very vital to identify the leveraging changing in an organisation. In identifying the leveraging changes in the Coca Cola Company a Force Field will be used. Force Field Analysis according to Bass (2008) is a technique created by Kurt Lewin in order to analyse the forces that are opposing to change. The current state of the Coca Cola stores in Hong Kong is pretty good and it is still one of the top distributors of softdrinks in Hong Kong. However, if it will be compared to other Coca Cola convenience stores in the world the inventory, marketing, and performance of the personnel is not equal to other Coca Cola company. The company hopes to increase the efficiency of the marketing and inventory, as well as the productiveness of the workforce through implementing management change programmes. If the changes will be applied within the management and businesses, Coca Cola projects that there would be an increase in the output of the company. On the other hand, if changes will not be implemented the inventory, performance and other marketing would deteriorate and continuously be inefficient, therefore there is a possibility that the competitors might be at par or even overtake the market. According to the presented case, the main emphasis of the Coca-Cola is to meet the needs of their customers with excellent product manufacturing and product distribution. The companys change management is very fragile since they predicted that there are some marketing challenges in the near future that they need to face. In order to address the changes in the Coca Cola Company, there should a concrete identification of problems present in the company. The employees and other stakeholders of Coca Cola Company will be affected of this so-called radical changed. Basically, the route of the change is towards the workforce development and not on the services since the company has already established a reputation of delivering good services in the market. The change is also about the possible financial problems that the company may face in the near future. From this discussion, the following figure shows the force-field analysis of the change management procedures suggested to the application of change management within Coca Cola Company. Figure 1. Force-Field Analysis From this force-field analysis, it can be seen that the computed forces to change is much higher compared to the forces against change. Force-field analysis is very vital in change management (Bass, I. 2008). Meaning to say, the plan is quite logical with respect to possible opposition. Actually, change management is basically defined as the formulation and assimilation of change in a methodical process (Kotter, J. P., Schlesinger, L.A. 1979). Meaning, the major objective of change management which is the introduction of new systems in the work organisation i.e. total change project is normal to companies that are engaged in change management. This can similarly be compared to the adoption of new marketing strategies. Businesses like Coca Cola Company must normally undergo change in order to evolve to a higher level of for instance, stability, management or production. And since Coca Cola Company wanted to have an extreme development or a radical change, the CEO of Coca Cola may inc lude changing the companys mission, reforming business operations, application of new technologies, major group efforts, or adoption of new programs. Usually, the organisation is encouraged on settling on change management due to external influences, usually termed as the environment (Nickols, 2004). Thus, change management can alternately be defined as the response of different business to changes brought about by environmental influences in which organisations have minimal or absolutely no control over. Perhaps the space between the new organisation design and implementing it into actuality is the whole coverage of organisation change and development. As mentioned in the introduction, people are adaptive to change. However, certain skills must be present from the initiators of change so as to successfully implement their project. Thus, managers need to have the necessary abilities not only on detecting what needs to be changed but also how to introduce the change effectively. Thus, in this review of related literature, some of the approaches, common problems, influences, case studies and best practices in change management will be analysed in relation to the research problem. Recommended Plans With respect to the force-field analysis that has been previously conducted, the following details are the recommended plans for managing change in Coca Cola. Renewing Systems and Structures The organisational form of Coca Cola is the Entrepreneurial start-up or the simple structure. According to Mintzberg (1992) the structure is described as having a little or no technostructure at all, it also has few support staffers, restrained division of labour, minimal differentiation in the work place, and a small hierarchy in management. Moreover the behaviour within the organisation, particularly in the convenience store is not that formalised wherein it utilises minimal planning, training and liaison devices. In the new organisational form of Coca Cola businesses in Hong Kong, it would be Machine Bureaucracy. According to Mintzberg, the machine bureaucracy is an organisational structure wherein there is a clear configuration of the design parameters wherein it consistently held up researches it includes specialised routinely operating procedures, formalised procedures in the centre of operations, propagation of rules and regulations, proliferation of formalised communication throughout the company, dependence on the functional basis for tasks wherein it needs group work, comparatively centralised power for decision-making, and a complexly detailed administrative structure with sharp differences between the line and staff. In this form of organisational structure Coca Cola will be able to monitor the efficiency of the performance of the workers because there would be standard procedures and more elaborate structure of management. Cultural Web Routines and Rituals- the Coca Cola, Inc. does not have any formal training with its work force particularly within the convenience stores. There are no specific routines emphasised in the organisation, and just like most companies, the managers and workers come in to the work place to perform their job and the cycle goes on. This behaviour does not encourage any worker to perform their job better and if ever changes will be implemented within the organisations it will not look peculiar. The new training programs that will be implemented will focus on customer service. In industries like in Coca Cola customer service is a very important aspect in sustaining the loyalty of the consumers. The routines can easily be changed due to the fact that there is no particular routine in the work place. Organisational Structures- the management within the stores have limited hierarchy and the overall setting is informal because there are no strict rules and regulations within the convenience except for the usual the punctuality and absenteeism. The management structure in Coca Cola encourages collaboration with Coca Cola but competition with other organisations in the same industry. The power structure within Coca Cola is democratic because prior to the changes in the management sectors that will feel the impact of the changes directly will be educated and informed and also their opinions will be heard. Control Systems- In Coca Cola the most closely monitored is the distribution of softdrinks. The company does not emphasise punishment and rewards to the employees, apart from the usual which is the bonus for rewards and removal from the job for punishment. There are few controls in the workplace and the control in the workplace is associated with the history of the company wherein it provides the customers fresh products. Power Structures- the main beliefs of the senior management of Coca Cola is that the success of the company is due to the efficient evaluation of the challenges in the workplace, as well as, the market and quickly respond to the opportunities. The power is distributed to three management teams, the senior leadership team, vice presidents and the division leadership. The dominant culture of the organisation is its being practical and open to the opportunities given to them. The changes in the management programmes can be implemented easily because the proposals of the company are attainable and do not have a negative impact on its employees. Overcoming Resistance Resistance of the employees in the change management programmes in any company is inevitable however overcoming the resistance is important in order to implement the required changes in the management strategies. According to Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) there are six approaches that an organisation can use in dealing with the resistance by the workforce and these are: Education and Communication- In order to overcome the resistance in Coca Cola the employees should be educated and informed regarding the transformations within the company before implementation to prevent incorrect information that will surround the work area. Participation and Involvement- the employees must be involved with the planned changes in the management programmes of the company because once they become involved the employees will not resist but instead will participate in the transformations that will be undertaken. Facilitation and Support- Some of the employees will resist the changes because they are unable to adjust with the new programmes implemented by the management to avoid resistance the management must support the employees that are having a hard time with the changes, establishing a support system will aid the employees to quickly adjust. Negotiation and Agreement- Coca Cola should talk and negotiate with the employees, and during the talks the management must discuss the incentives they will receive once they accepted the changes in the management strategies. Manipulation and Co-option- if the other approaches did not work inviting the union leader to participate and be a representation in the change process will aid in overcoming the resistance to change. Explicit and Implicit Coercion- if all approaches did not work the last step would be forcing them to accept the implemented changes and threaten them that if they will not comply the employees will lose their jobs. Conclusion Change management is basically defined as the formulation and assimilation of change in a methodical process. The major objective of change management is the introduction of innovative means and systems in the work organisation. This can similarly be compared to the application of certain information technologies in the company or the adoption of new marketing strategies. Businesses must normally undergo change in order to evolve to a higher level of for instance, stability, management or production. Appointing a new head officer, for example, can greatly enhance his subordinates based on his management principles and personality. From these discussions, we may conclude that change management is a process in which all companies undergo. This is an important procedure because it enables the organisation to make decisions that will be advantageous and beneficial to the company. In addition, organisations that are open to change are generally more successful compare to companies that re sist it. In a globalise market, new technologies and procedure are emerging rapidly, in order to keep up with this progress a company must be willing to adapt to management changes. The international, as well as, the local market has a very stiff competition, therefore in order to be on top change management must be utilised by companies. Coca-Cola is one of the best examples of companies that utilised change management efficiently and have yielded positive results. The evidence is the dominance of Coca-Cola in the soft drink industry not just in Asia but all over the world.